Summary
Kuzeydoğu Anadolu'da doğal olarak yetişen Galanthus woronowii Losinsk.'in toprak üstü ve toprak altı kısımları bitki çiçekli dönemde iken toplanmıştır. İki farklı lokaliteden toplanan bitkilerden hazırlanan Bulbus ve Herba Galanthi drogları üzerinde kalite kontrol ve asetilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite tayinleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kalite kontrol çalışmaları kapsamında drog örneklerinin nem, total kül, sülfat külü, hidroklorik asitte çözünmeyen kül ve total alkaloit içerikleri saptanmış ve bunların sırasıyla % 8.463-9.343, % 6.950-14.947, % 9.743-17.930, % 1.102-3.565 ve % 0.247-0.499 arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. İlaveten, drog örneklerinden hazırlanan alkaloit ekstrelerinin asetilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktiviteleri in vitro Ellman yöntemine dayalı biyootografik bir deney ile kombine edilen İnce Tabaka Kromatografisinden (İTK) yararlanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Bütün alkaloit ekstreleri asetilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite göstermiştir.Introduction
Galanthus woronowii Losinsk., is one of the fourteen species (fifteen taxa) of Galanthus L. growing naturally in Turkey[1,2]. It is distributed in Caucasus, Transcaucasus, southern Russia, Georgia and northeastern Turkey[3,4]. This species is a low-to mid altitude species, growing at altitudes from 20 to 1500 m however more usually occurring from 200 to 600 m[4]. G. woronowii with broad green leaves is an attractive plant for gardening[4]. Among the Galanthus species growing in Turkey, together with the bulbs of G. elwesii Hook., bulbs of G. woronowii are exported[5,6].Previous investigations on G. woronowii resulted in the isolation of several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids[7-10]. This group of alkaloids are known to exhibit interesting biological properties such as antiviral[11], antitumor[12], antimalarial[13] and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities[14]. Among these alkaloids galanthamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and therefore, it is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease [15].
Comprising a part of our ongoing studies on Turkish Galanthus species, the present study was undertaken to determine the quality standarts of drugs prepared from the aerial parts and bulbs of G. woronowii collected during flowering period. The gravimetric determinations of humidity, total ash, sulphated ash, acid-insoluble ash and also titrimetric determinations of the total alkaloidal content were carried out according to European Pharmacopeia[16]. Moreover, with the aim of determining the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor potential of this plant, alkaloidal extracts prepared from the aerial parts and bulbs of G. woronowii, were screened for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) combined with a bioautographic assay based on in vitro Ellman method[17].
Methods
Plant MaterialGalanthus woronowii Losinsk. samples were collected during flowering period, from Çaykara, Trabzon in March 2006 and from Derepazarı, Rize in March 2009. The plants were identified by one of us (M. A. Önür). Voucher samples (No's 1358 and 1417) are deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University.
Chemicals
Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), acetylcholinesterase enzyme
(AchE) type VI-S from electric eel, 5,5-dithiobis[2-nitrobenzoic
acid] (DTNB) were purchased from Sigma. Tris-HCl was
obtained from Merck. Galanthamine was isolated from various
Amaryllidaceae plants in our laboratory and identified by
spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS, NMR)[18]. The other
chemicals were of analytical purity.
Quality Control Determinations
European Pharmacopeia was referred to for the gravimetric
assays of humidity, total ash, sulphated ash acid-insoluble ash.
The total alkaloidal content of each drug specimen was evaluated by using a titrimetric method cited in European
Pharmacopeia for different alkaloid-containing drugs[16] and
alkaloid extraction was carried out as described, previously[19].
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity Determination
The method used for the determination of acetylcholinesterase
inhibitory activity was modified from a previous study [17].
20 microliters of each plant extract (10 mg/ml) and 10
microliters of galanthamine (1.5 mg/ml) dissolved in
chloroform-methanol (8:2), were spotted on a TLC plate (Silica
gel F254, 0.2 mm, Aluminium sheet, Merck). Chloroformmethanol
(8:2) mixture was used as the mobile phase for the
development of the TLC plate. The plate was allowed to dry
at room temperature, then it was sprayed with 1mM ATCI
and 1mM DTNB in Tris-HCl, pH:8. After 3-5 minutes drying,
the plate was sprayed with 3 Unit/ml AChE in Tris-HCl,
pH:8. 20 minutes later, a yellow background appeared;
occurrence of white spots marked positive reaction.
Results
The results obtained from the humidity, total ash, sulphated ash, acid-insoluble ash and total alkaloid determination assays are reported in Table 1. During the course of our ongoing studies on Turkish Galanthus species, previously Herba and Bulbus Galanthi drugs prepared from G. elwesii Hook., G. gracilis Ćelak., G. trojanus A.P. Davis & N. Özhatay and G. plicatus Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker) D. A. Webb were investigated for their contents of humidity, total ash, sulphated ash and total alkaloids[19-22]. Previous data and the results of the present study, may be utilized for the determination of the standard values for the elaboration of prospective monographs on Herba and Bulbus Galanthi.TABLE 1: Quality control determination results of G. woronowii
The total alkaloidal content is an important criterion for the evaluation of the quality of Herba and Bulbus Galanthi. In our study, the total alkaloids ranged between 0.247-0.499 %. Aerial parts of G. woronowii collected from Derepazarı, Rize were found to contain the maximal amount of total alkaloids. The minimal amount of total alkaloids was detected in the aerial parts of G. woronowii collected from Çaykara, Trabzon (Table 1). Previously, the contents of individiual alkaloids and the quantity of the total bases obtained during isolation studies have been reported for this plant[10,23,24]. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the quantification of the total alkaloids in G. woronowii.
In addition to the quality control determinations, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor potentials of the alkaloidal extracts were screened by TLC in combination with bioactivity staining based on Ellman's method. The active extracts were detected by the formation of white spots after spraying the substrate, dye and enzyme which gave a yellow background[17]. All of the alkaloidal extracts contained galanthamine and also other alkaloids with AchE inhibitory activity (Figure 1). It is already known that AchE inhibitory activity is related mainly with galanthamine- and lycorine-type Amaryllidaceae alkaloids[14,25,26]. Our ongoing phytochemical studies on this species, revealed that G. woronowii contained galanthamine, lycorine and other alkaloids belonging to the galanthamine- or lycorine-type of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids[18,27,28] which have been previously shown to possess AchE inhibitory activity[14,25,27].
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FIGURE 1: AChE inhibitory activity of alkaloidal extracts of G. woronowii. G: Galanthamine, 1: Bulbus/Derepazarı,Rize; 2: Herba/Derepazarı,Rize; 3: Bulbus/ Çaykara,Trabzon; 4: Herba/Çaykara,Trabzon.White spots indicate inhibition. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financially supported by Ege University
Research Fund (No: 09/ECZ/08) and partially supported by
TUBITAK (No:104T272) and EBILTEM (No: 2007/BIL/007).
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