2Marmara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmakoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye DOI : 10.12991/201115430
Summary
4-Aminofenilasetik asitin sübstitüe izotiyosiyanatlar ile reaksiyonu sonucu, on iki adet yeni tiyoüre bileşiği sentezlenmiştir. Bileşiklerin kimyasal yapıları IR, 1H-NMR, kütle spektroskopisi ve elementel analiz testleri ile aydınlatılmıştır. Tüm bileşiklerin antikonvulsan aktiviteleri 50mg/kg dozda farelerde pentilentetrazol (PTZ) ve maksimal elektroşok nöbet (MES) testleri kullanılarak tayin edilmiştir. Bileşik 1b'nin (4-{[(4-klorofenil)tiyokarbamoil]amino}fenil) asetik asit, diğer bileşiklere oranla daha aktif olduğu saptanmıştır. Tüm seviyelerde konvulsiyon oranını düşüren 1b bileşiği aynı zamanda nöbet eşiğini de yükseltmiştir. Ayrıca nöbet başlangıç süresini 1.20 saniyeden 2.58 saniyeye, hayatta kalma oranını ise %50'den %95'e yükseltmiştir.Introduction
Thioureas are important sulphur and nitrogencontaining compounds and they are useful substances in drug research. Some thiourea derivatives possess valuable biological pharmacological activities such as, anti-HIV / antiviral[1-4], antitubercular[5-8], analgesic[9-10] and anticancer properties[11-13]. In addition, urea and thioureas[14-16] have emerged as structurally novel anticonvulsant.In the past 15 years, 13 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been introduced, some of which are advantageous in terms of pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and potential for drug interactions. These AEDs are regarded as second generation compared with older AEDs, such as phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, and valproic acid. However, the second-generation AEDs marketed so far have not been a breakthrough because, altogether, their use leads to freedom from seizures in no more than 15–20% of patients with epilepsy who are refractory to older AEDs. Therefore, despite the current availability of more than 15 drugs, about 30% of people with epilepsy have uncontrolled disease, and novel and more eff ective third-generation AEDs are needed[17].
As a part of our ongoing research program pertaining to the synthesis of series of thiourea and urea derivatives as potent anticonvulsant activities[18,19]. Among this series, the compounds NEthyl- N’-(3,5-dimethylpyrazole-4-yl)thiourea (I) and N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)-N’-(3,5-dimethylpyrazole-4-yl) urea (II) were found to show a better anticonvulsant activity (Figure 1). In the MES test, these compounds exhibited median effective doses (ED50) of 17.14 and 17.46 mg/kg respectively.
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FIGURE 1: Chemical formulas of compound (I) and compound (II) |
The anticonvulsant drug design was based on the presumption that for the evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity with maximal electroshock treatment (MES) at least one phenyl or similar aromatic group in close proximity to two electron donor atoms were required and that for the evaluation with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) an alkyl group substituted close to two electron donor atoms was required[20]. As a part of our continuous research, we designed compounds 1a-1l according to pharmacophoric features with the one phenyl ring as a hydrophobic aryl ring, serving as thiourea and carboxylic acide group to provide an electron donor/acceptor system (Figure 2). The other phenyl ring served as a second hydrophobic region.
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FIGURE 2: General chemical formula of compounds 1a-1l |
The current work encompasses synthesis of a new series of thioureas by reaction of (4-aminophenyl)acetic acid with different isothiocyanates and evaluation for anticonvulsant activity using by PTZ and MES tests in mice.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Chemistry
All chemicals and solvents were purchased from Merck, Aldrich,
or Fluka. Melting points were determined with a
“Schmelzpunktbestimmer” SMP II and were uncorrected. 1HNMR
spectra were recorded in DMSO on a Bruker Avance-
DPX-400 spectrometer in DMSO-d6 and chemical shifts were
given in δ ppm with tetramethylsilane. The splitting patterns
of 1H-NMR were designed as follows: s: singlet, d: doublet, t:
triplet, q: quarlet, m: multiplet. The Mass spectrometry was
performed using an Agilent 1100 MSD spectrometer in the
electrospray mode. All new compounds were analyzed for C,
H, N and the results were in an acceptable range (1H-NMR,
mass and elemental analysis were provided by the Scientific
and Technical Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK).
General procedure for the preparation of 1a-1l 0.500 g (3.3 mmol) 4-(Aminophenyl)acetic acid is solved in acetone at 100ºC. Then, a solution of corresponding isothiocyanate (3.3 mmol) in 5 mL acetone is added as three parts per 30 minutes. After 6-8 hours, reaction is finalized by TLC control. Solid material is filtered and recrystallized from acetonitrile.
(4-{[(4-Fluorophenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1a): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 275 (3,98). IR Spectroscopy (umax, cm-1): 3196 (N-H, O-H), 3005 (C-H), 1693 (C=O), 1236 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.55 (2H, s, -CH2), 6.87-7.71 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.72 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.72 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.26 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C15H13FN2O2S; C: % 59.20; H: % 4.31; N: % 9.20; S: % 10.54. Found: C: % 57.55; H: % 4.30; N: % 8.74; S: % 9.63.
(4-{[(4-chlorophenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1b) UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 278 (3,51). IR (umax, cm-1): 3194 (N-H, O-H), 3012 (C-H), 1689 (C=O), 1240 (C=S). 1HNMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.47 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.15-7.59 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.68 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.79 (1H, s, -NH-), 11.98 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C15H- 13ClN2O2S; C: % 56.16; H: % 4.08; N: % 8.73; S: % 10.00. Found: C: % 57.80; H: % 4.49; N: % 8.38; S: % 9.34.
(4-{[(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1c): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 259 (3,63). IR (umax, cm-1): 3155 (N-H, O-H), 2989 (C-H), 1693 (C=O), 1224 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.56 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.18-7.79 (6H, m, aromatic protons), 9.39 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.93 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.32 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C15H- 11Cl3N2O2S; C: % 46.23; H: % 2.85; N: % 7.19; S: % 8.23. Found: C: % 46.69; H: % 3.07; N: % 7.15; S: % 7.93.
(4-{[(4-methylphenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1d): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e) : 278 (3,55). IR (umax, cm-1): 3201 (N-H, O-H), 3001 (C-H), 1695 (C=O), 1238 (C=S). 1HNMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 2.22 (2H, s, -CH2), 3.26 (3H, s, -CH3), 7.10-7.50 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.55 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.74 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.31 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H16N2O2S; C: % 62.95; H: % 5.58; N: % 8.16; S: % 9.34. Found: C: % 61.21; H: % 4.96; N: % 8.55; S: % 9.71.
(4-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1e): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 276 (3,34). IR (umax, cm- 1): 3215 (N-H, O-H), 3026 (C-H), 1689 (C=O), 1234 (C=S). 1HNMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.49 (2H, s, -CH2), 3.69 (3H, s, -CH3), 6.90 (2H, d, J= 8.94 Hz, H3’, H5’), 7.20 (2H, d, J= 8.41 Hz, H2, H6), 7.30 (2H, d, J= 8.93 Hz, H2’, H6’), 7.40 (2H, d, J= 8.41 Hz, H3, H5), 9.46 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.46 (1H, s, -NH- ), 12.08 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H16N2O3S; C: % 60.74; H: % 5.10; N: % 8.85; S: % 10.14. Found: C: % 59.95; H: % 4.90; N: % 8.75; S: % 9.81.
(4-{[(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)carbamothioyl ]amino}phenyl) acetic acid (1f): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 279 (3,12). IR (umax, cm-1): 3209 (N-H, O-H), 3007 (C-H), 1695 (C=O), 1242 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.35 (3H, s, -CH3), 3.54 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.17-7.47 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.75 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.75 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.31 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H16N2O2S2; C: % 57.81; H: % 4.85; N: % 8.43; S: % 19.29. Found: C: % 57.87; H: % 4.75; N: % 8.38; S: % 19.21.
(4-{[(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)carbamothioyl]amino}phenyl) acetic acid (1g): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 281 (3,86). IR (umax, cm-1): 3196 (N-H, O-H), 3014 (C-H), 1683 (C=O), 1242 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.54 (2H, s, CH2), 7.20-7.80 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.74 (1H, s, -NH-), 10.11 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.27 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H13F3N2O2S; C: % 54.23; H: % 3.70; N: % 7.91; S: % 9.05. Found: C: % 55.02; H: % 4.21; N: % 7.94; S: % 9.00.
(4-{[(4-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl)carbamothioyl]amino}phenyl) acetic acid (1h): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 278 (3,80). IR (umax, cm-1): 3201 (N-H, O-H), 3016 (C-H), 1693 (C=O), 1244 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.54 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.09-7.68 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 9.73 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.88 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.28 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H13F3N2O3S; C: % 51.89; H: % 3.54; N: % 7.56; S: % 8.66. Found: C: % 53.54; H: % 3.87; N: % 7.61; S: % 8.50.
(4-{[(4-Nitrophenyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1i): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 242 ( 4,11). IR (umax, cm-1): 3564 (N-H, O-H), 3323 (C-H), 1683 (C=O), 1298 (C=S). 1HNMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.55 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.11-8.36 (8H, m, aromatic protons), 10.26 (1H, s, -NH-), 10.39 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.30 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C15H13N3O4S; C: % 54.37; H: % 3.95; N: % 12.68; S: % 9.68. Found: C: % 53.76; H: % 4.25; N: %12.11; S: % 8.32.
(4-[(Benzylthiocarbamoyl)amino]phenyl)acetic acid (1j): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 258 (3,70). IR (umax, cm-1): 3252 (N-H, O-H), 3057–3030 (C-H), 1687 (C=O), 1290 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.52 (2H, s, -CH2), 4.73 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.10-7.47 (9H, m, aromatic protons), 8.12 (1H, s, -NH- ), 9.56 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.30 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H16N2O2S; C: % 63.98; H: % 5.37; N: % 9.33; S: % 10.67. Found: C: % 63.73; H: % 5.31; N: % 9.20; S. % 10.54.
(4-{[(2-Phenylethyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1k): UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 250 (4,19). IR (umax, cm-1): 3184 (N-H, O-H), 3024 (C-H), 1695 (C=O), 1298 (C=S). 1HNMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 2.85 (2H, t, phenethyl CH2), 3.52 (2H, s, CH2), 3.70 (2H, t, phenethyl CH2), 7.00- 7.50 (9H, m, aromatic protons), 7.67 (1H, s, -NH-), 9.50 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.29 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C17H18N2O2S; C: % 64.56; H: % 5.66; N: % 8.85; S: % 9.83. Found: C: % 64.94; H: % 5.77; N: % 8.91; S: % 10.20.
(4-{[(Phenylcarbonyl)thiocarbamoyl]amino}phenyl)acetic acid (1l) UV λmax. (EtOH) (nm) (log e): 266 (4,18). IR (umax, cm-1): 3284 (N-H, O-H), 3000-2950 (C-H), 1666,1597 (C=O), 1263 (C=S). 1H-NMR (400 MHz) (DMSO-d6/TMS) d (ppm): 3.59 (2H, s, -CH2), 7.23-8.04 (9H, m, aromatic protons), 11.55 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.23 (1H, s, -NH-), 12.58 (1H, s, OH). Anal. Calcd. for C16H14N2O3S; C: % 61.13; H: % 4.49; N: % 8.91; S: % 10.20. Found: C: % 61.01; H: % 4.78; N: % 8.34; S: % 9.36.
2.2. Pharmacology
Male and female adult Balb/C mice weighing 20-30 g were
used. The animals were housed in colongy cages, under standard
laboratory conditions, with free access to food and tap
water. Room temperature and relative humidity were maintained
at 22 ± 1 ºC and 60% respectively. A 12 hr/12 hour (8
a.m./8 p.m.) light-dark cycle was used. All testing was conducted
in the light phase of the day. After the adaption period
of 2 days, experimental groups were chosen randomly. Each
mouse was used only once. The experimental protocols were
approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Marmara
University (16.04.2009-02.2009.mar).
2.2.1 Anticonvulsant Activity
The anticonvulsant activity of the new compounds was determined
by using PTZ (Sigma) and MES tests. All synthesized
compounds were suspended in 0.5 % methyl cellulose and administered
at the dose of 50 mg/kg 30 minutes prior the tests.
Effective dose 50 (ED50) value for PTZ (60 mg/kg) and convulsive
current 50 (CC50) of animals and it’s 95% fiducial limits
were calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon[21].
Statistical analysis were evaluated using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by unpaired Student’s t-test using Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego; CA; USA).
2.2.1.1. PTZ test
The animals of the control group received same volume of saline
and standart drug was carbamazepine in PTZ test. Thirty
minutes after the administration of the test compounds, all
mice were injected with PTZ 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally and
observed for 15 minutes. Motor responses were graded 0-5 according
to the scale of Racine where, grade 1: no movements,
grade 2: head twitching and myoclonic jerks (MKJ), grade 3:
clonic forelimb convulsions, grade 4: three plus change in posture,
grade 5: falling back and generalized convulsions with
tonic extention[22].
2.2.1.2. MES test
MES test was performed 30 minutes after the administration of
the test compounds. The electroshocks were evoked through a
current transmitter producing square waves (Arı Techinical
ECT unit). In the MES test, seizures were elicited with a 60-Hz
alternating current of 25 mA intensity in Balb/c mice. The cur- rent was applied via ear clip electrodes for 450 ms. In order to
apply the shock, electrodes were attached to each animal’s ears
and the animals lay on their backs, their tails being fixed. Thus
observation of the tonic and clonic convulsions that appeared
during the seizure was ensured[23].
Results
3.1.ChemistryA series of new thiourea derivatives were prepared according to Figure 3. Target compounds 1a-1l were prepared by reacting of equimolar 4-(aminophenyl)acetic acid and various isocyanates in acetone. The new compounds were isolated in satisfactory yields (42-70%) and purified by recrystallisation from acetonitril. The purity of the compounds checked by TLC and elemental analyses. Both analytical and spectral data of all the synthesized compounds were in full agreement with the proposed structures. Physical and chemical properties of all compounds are presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1: Structure and physical data of thiourea derivatives 1a-llp>
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FIGURE 3: Synthesis scheme of compounds 1a-1l |
In general, IR spectra showed the OH and NH stretching vibrations at 3161-3564 cm-1, the C=O stretching vibrations at 1666-1695 cm-1 and the C=S stretching vibrations at 1224-1300 cm-1. In the 1H-NMR spectrum, thiourea NH signals were determined at 9.55-12.23 ppm as two different singlets. The OH signals of carboxylic acide were observed at 11.98-12.58 ppm as singlet. The protons belonging to the aromatic ring and the other aliphatic groups are observed with the expected chemical shift and integral values. APCI-MS spectra of the selected compounds showed correct molecular ion peaks (MH+) which confirmed their molecular weights.
3.2. Anticonvulsant Activity
The anticonvulsant activity of the new compounds was determined
by using PTZ (Sigma) and MES tests. The use of current
animal models in the discovery of new AEDs development has
advantages. The advantages include the use of intact rodents
as easy models that detect anticonvulsant effects regardless of
the mechanisms of action. MES and PTZ testing can be used in
highthroughput screening, as shown by the National Institutes
of Health Anticonvulsant Screening Program. Furthermore,
these models can provide insight into pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic
relations, which are of value for human studies[17].
All compounds were suspended in 0.5% methyl cellulose and administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 50 mg/kg 30 minutes prior the tests. The anticonvulsant potential of these compounds was invastigated by both PTZ and MES models and shown in Table 2. Within the context of the MES model none of the compounds tested showed an anticonvulsant effect. The results from PTZ model basically simulate petit mal seizures. The introduction of chloro group at 4- position of phenyl ring in thiourea moiety (compound 1b) resulted better activity than bearing 4-fluoro, 4-nitro, 4-methoxy, 4-methlsulfanyl, 4-trifluoromethyl and 4-trifluoromethoxy group of phenyl ring in PTZ test. The compound 1b reduced convulsions in all types of grades (from grade I to V), therefore it increased convulsive threshould. It also increased onset time from 1.20 to 2.58 sec. and survival % from 50 to 95 (Table 3). Therefore, the compound 1b has a potantial to be an anticonvulsant drug for petit mal seizures.
TABLE 2: Anticonvulsant activity results of the compounds
TABLE 3: Anticonvulsive properties of compound 1b in PTZ test
Interestingly we expected the compound 1c which had chloro group at 2-, 4-, and 6-position of phenyl ring, displayed good activity because of lipophpilicity. But it was found less potent than compound 1b having one chloro goup at 4-position on phenyl ring. The thioureas bearing benzyl, phenylethyl or phenylcarbonyl were inactive both PTZ and MES test.
In conclusion, a series of thiourea derivatives have been synthesized and screened for their anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant screening indicated that among the tested compounds, thiourea derivative carrying 4-Cl group on the phenyl ring exhibited noteworthy activity in PTZ test. From these data, ideas for future molecular modification leading to compound with greater favorable pharmacological properties may be derived.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Marmara University Scientific Research
Projects Commission (BAPKO, Project number, SAG-CYLP-
270109-0013, 2009) to financial support for this study.
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