2Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi Bilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
3Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Baş eczacılık, Ankara, Türkiye DOI : 10.12991/201216409
Summary
Hasta bakımının istenilen düzeyde uygulanabilmesi, ilaç uygulamalarında güvenliğin ve kalitenin sağlanması, ilaçlara ilişkin yan etkilerin önlenebilmesi veya tedavi edilebilmesi için hasta-hemşire-doktor-eczacının sorumluluklarının tanımlanması ve kullanılan ilaçlara ilişkin bilgi paylaşımı kritik bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu derlemede Uluslararası Birleşik Komisyon'nun standartlar raporunun üçüncü maddesinde yer alan ilaç güvenliliğinin Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi (GATA) Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'nde nasıl gerçekleştirildiğinin anlatılması ve bu alanda hasta- hemşire- doktor- eczacı işbirliğinin öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır.Introduction
Team work of health professionals has a strategical importance in the health care system. It is well known that team work provides an extensive care to the patient and increases the success of the therapy. It is obvious that an effective team work will be provided by the presence of collaborative working, identification of the roles, good professional relationship and organisational supports[1].One of the important duty of the health team is the drug safety. Safe and rational use of drugs will be implemented by an effective “patientnurse- physician-pharmacist” collaboration[1,2].
Thus a better therapeutic outcome will be achieved. The most important responsibility of the nurse is the administration of the drugs to the patients. During this procedure, the nurse should be in collaboration with the prescriber who orders the drug for the patient and the pharmacist who provides the drug.
This collaboration among the health team occurs in various levels at different hospitals. There are specific administration rules for the drugs in the hospitals belonging to Turkish Armed Forces (TAF). Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GATA) Education and Research Hospital is one of the biggest hospitals belonging to TAF. The nurses supply drugs from the pharmacy, dispense and administrate the drugs to the patients in regard to these rules.
A. Safe drug administrations
World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes
the importance of communication between the
patient, nurse, physician and pharmacist, and rational
drug use on the safe administration of the
drugs. WHO defines rational drug use as “patients
receive medications appropriate to their
clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual
requirements, for an adequate period of
time, and at the lowest cost to them and their
community”[2,3,4].
In order to define the medical treatment as safe, it is the responsibility of physician to choose the appropriate drug[2,5], while the pharmacists’ responsibility is to dispense it and nurses administer these drugs to the patients according to the professional rules[2,5,6,7]. In order to perform this responsibility, it is necessary for the nurse to adapt the nursing procedure to the clinical application[6,8].
The nurse play a critical role in the “patient-nurse-physicianpharmacist” collaboration because she/he is the most communicating person with the patient and the best observer. Giving information to the patient consists of information about the intended effect of the drug and how it works in the body. It also contains information about side effects, how a patient should take the drug, and cautions for its use, including warnings about allergies[2].
The WHO pointed out the importance of advanced communication between the nurse, patient, physician and pharmacist for the drug administration. Effective communication between these and their acts in terms of rational drug use will increase patient compliance. From the diagnosis to the prescription, from patient education to follow up, every component of the process has the potential to affect the compliance. As the nurse is generally is in more relation with the patient, the role of the nurse in informing correctly and adequately, in identifying and solving the compliance problems and providing the necessary advices is essential to improve the compliance. It should be emphasized that there is a positive relationship between the compliance and the rational use of drugs[4,99.
Joint Commission International (JCI) developed standards for safety patient care and the 3rd clause of these standards is “improve the safety of high-alert medications”[10]. The drug team should aim this goal for the patient.
The drug team consisted of “Patient-nurse-physician-pharmacist” is the main participants of effective drug use. The principle of effective drug use policy is based on rational, appropriate and safe drug use[4]. In the challenging health care system, it is crucial to describe the responsibilities of the team members and to share the knowledge related to the drugs for an adequate patient care and better outcome.
During this process, nurses are responsible for dispensing and recording of drugs and monitoring the patients. The nurses should have sufficient information about the drug, and prognose of the medical treatment[6,8].
B. The errors during drug administrations
Some problems, which are encountered during the drug administration,
have gained more importance recently. Research
in dispensing process has increased.
The errors related to the drug administration are one of most important errors among all medical errors since there is excessive drug use for especially inpatients and the procedures for drug prescription and administration are getting more complicated day by day.[2,9,11,12]. According to the studies which were performed in the many hospitals around the world, the rate of drug administration errors is 6.7 per cent[11,12].
Drug administration errors may be classified as: inappropriate drug preparation technique, wrong adminstration route, wrong drug administration time, wrong dose, the administration of an unpresribed drug, administration of wrong drug, simultaneous administration of interacting drugs and missing records.
B.1. The difficulties during the preparation and administration of the drugs Another important step of the patient treatment after the supplying the drug is the the preparation and administration of the drugs[8].
Patient Safety goals, which were prepared by the Joint Commission International (JCI), emphasize the importance of this issue and provide specific informations and principles for patient safety. JCI stated that these goals are related to the safety and quality of the patient’s care and the determination of the situations which may cause risks and harm the patient. It is also pointed out the importance of re-organization of health care system to increase the patient’s care by focusing on this issue[10,13].
The headlines of success principles on patient’s safety determined by JCI in 2008;
√ The correct identification of the patient,
√ Developing an effective communication,
√ Improve the safety of high-risk treatments,
√ Be sure of right place, right procedure and right patient,
√ Reducing the risks of health care related infections
√ Reducing the risk of patient’s injury caused by the inappropriate
treatment[10,13]
All the rules for safe drug administration emphasize on the issue that the drugs should be administrated after re-checking the patient’s name, physician’s order and drug’s name. However, usually the drugs are prepared in the morning after the physician visits and administrated to the patient according to the ordered intervals at different time points. The drug administration errors occur in case the safe drug administration strategies of JCI are not obeyed in routine clinical practice.
It has been shown that the drug administration errors usually occur at 7-8 am because it is the time for shift change in many hospitals and the busy period for them[14]. These errors may also occur because of the similarity of drugs in color, appearance or package styles[15].
Another problem is the underreporting of adverse drug reactions by health professionals (i.e. nurse for the inpatients and pharmacists for the outpatients)[16,17]. In a paper published by Lata et., it has been shown that there is a increase in the studies focused on drug side effects after 2000, and the rate of side effect is claimed to be 81%. It is also stated that 62% of these were caused by the nurses, 17% by the pharmacists and 2% by the social workers[12].
While et al., performed a study on pharmacist-nurse collaboration and they reported that there is an increase of adverse drug reaction reporting after a short training on nurse-pharmacist collaboration. It is also pointed out that side effects of the drugs could be diminished by the improving of patient’s and relatives’ knowledge on the drugs and by the preparation of appropriate discharge plans[1].
B.2.Oral orders by prescribers
The JCI guide on patient’s safety consists of principles as “do
not receive orders from the physician by phone or oral communication”.
On the other hand, oral or phone orders from the
physicians are received in many hospitals and these orders are
not recorded. This fact hinders the observation of patients’
clinical prognose and the effects of the drugs. As a result, the
patient may be harmed[10]. Therefore, international patient’s
safety measures should be obeyed, and oral or phone orders
should be rapidly recorded and transformed to written physician
order.
C. The role of the nurses on drug administration in
Turkish Armed Forces’s Hospitals
There are specific forms for physician orders in every hospitals.
This form is a part of patient’s records[18-21]. In GATA
Training and Education Hospital, K-charts and clinical patient’s
prescriptions are used for the supply of the drugs which
are prescribed by the physicians. Drug services directive [MY
435 6(A)] is applied for the drug supply by K-chart. According
to this directive, the drugs, which are prescribed by the physician,
should be provided from the hospital’s pharmacy by
daily dose. During the supply by K-chart, the drugs are recorded
to the computer (Military Health Automation System)
and when the request is terminated this page is approved by
the nurse. After the approval of the physician and nurse, the
request page is appeared on the computer of pharmacist and
after the approval of the pharmacist the drugs are delivered to
clinic nurses.
The drugs, which are not supplied from the hospital pharmacy, are bought from the community pharmacies which have a protocol with the hospital. These drugs are received by the hospital’s pharmacy and at the end of day, these drugs are delivered to the clinic’s nurses and then dispensed to the patients.
There is a directive, which is prepared by GATA, for the control and prevention of misuse of the drugs which are prescribed by red, green, orange and purple prescriptions. Red and green prescriptions are used for psychotrophic drugs whereas purple or orange prescriptions are for blood products. This directive is applied in all military hospitals belonging to TAF. According to this directive, the prescription is received from the the responsible physician, delivered to the pharmacy by the clinical nurse after the approval of the chief resident and this prescription is recorded to the clinic’s “notebook of narcotics and blood products”[21].
D. The team work and collaboration among the health
care personal
One of the basic rule to offer qualified health care is the presence
of specialized health professionals and the other rule is
the effective communication between them[22].
The team work has an important place to offer the primary health care. For an effective team work, the necessity of collaboration between the professionals, the spesification of the roles and the organizational support is required.
The health team is described as a “union composed of 2 or more professionals (physician, nurse, pharmacist, dietician etc) who work in collaboration and give qualified and comprehensive health care in regard to the patient’s individual needs, and thus they perform decision making in concensus and in coordination”[22].
In an editorial which is published in American Health System Pharmacists Association’s journal, the importance of synergistic collaboration between the pharmacists and nurses for a severe development on the drug safety is pointed out. The development of drug systems based on communication technologies, which integrate the experiences of physician, nurse and pharmacist in a synergistic fashion, and the share of information among the health care professionals related to drugs are important to reach the outcomes of health care for patients[6].
Despite the importance of communication between the patient, nurse, pharmacist and physician for drug safety is repeatedly emphasized, it is observed that the actual communication is not sufficient during dispensing and administration of the drugs. Two studies in Turkey have shown that prescribers and pharmacists poorly informed patients about their medication[23,24].
Not only at the prescription phase, but also at the supply and administration phases, there is no connection with pharmacist and pharmacist is not consulted for the appropriate drug and dose. The physician prescribes the drug and the nurse administers it. During this process, not only the communication with pharmacist, but also the communication with the patient is not sufficient. Therefore, the effects of the drug are not adequately observed. This situation is occured because the principles of JCI on safe drug administration and patient safety are not appropriately applied[10]. In these principles, the importance of communication with pharmacist is pointed out for a quality patient’s care and low injury risk for the patient during the process of drug prescription and administration. By this communication, the patient’s clinical prognose could be carefully observed and the changes in medical treatment could be more safely by decreasing the risk of harm to the patient[8,10].
In a study on the collaboration of nurses and pharmacists, the pharmacists stated that the nurses are not adequately and regularly communicated them about medicine. In the same study, it is reported that a few pharmacist and nurse consulted about how to administer the drug. This lack of communication between the nurse and pharmacist hinders the team work and thus, negatively effect the patient’s treatment. A good nursepharmacist collaboration increases pharmaceutical care of the patients and decrease of drug medication errors[1]. Other studies have also shown that rational pharmacotherapy training improved dispensing behaviour of the pharmacists[25].
E. Suggestions for collaboration and team work
Two issues are pointed out for the solution of the problems
related to communication:
· Nurse, physician and pharmacist should be sincere on the
declaration of drug’s side effects.
· Hospital’s protocols should be constituted by clinic head
nurses, chief residents, physicians and pharmacists.
Advers drug reaction reporting forms should be available on nurses desks in each unit and nurses should be aware of the national pharmacovigilance system[12].
Another option for this issue is to nominate a clinical pharmacist staff which is a widely used solution in many hospitals worldwide. This system enables a better therapeutic outcome.
Conclusion
Continuous communication and back-up among “patientnurse- physician and pharmacist” are necessary during the process initiating with prescription/order of the medicine to the endpoint which is the monitoring. The communication between the physician, pharmacist and patient during dispensing procedure and the evaluation of side effects, will decrease the errors.A communication on the basis of collaboration may decrease or prevent medication errors and improve therapeutic outcome.
Clinical nurses should be informed about the drugs which are administred to the patients and they should create protocols for these drugs. This is an important step for the nurses.
According to the recent studies, drug administration errors could not be completely prevented, but may be decreased by procedures described by JCI in clinics[10,14,15].
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